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Data Recovery Book

BPB Publications,

New Delhi, India.

ISBN : 81-7656-922-4

Author of the Book

"Data Recovery with & without Programming"

Title of the Book	Data Recovery with & without Programming
Author of the Book	Tarun Tyagi
Publishers of the Book	BPB Publications, New Delhi, India
Number of Pages	540
Size	(9.5 x 7.5 x 1.0) Inches
ISBN	81-7656-922-4

Tarun Tyagi has written this book on Professional Data Recovery Programming titled, "Data Recovery With & Without Programming". All educational Software and source codes given on this website, have been developed by author Tarun Tyagi.

Tarun Tyagi is Data Recovery Professional and Data Recovery software developer.

Data Recovery Training By Author Tarun Tyagi

Quick Reference Study
Quick Reference Study	Necessary and Recommended Study
Data Protection and Backups	Chapter-1, Chapter-3, Chapter-7, Chapter-11
Manually analyzing the Disk and Crash	Chapter-3, Chapter-4, Chapter-7
Hard Disk hardware and capacity problems	Chapter-2, Chapter-3
Recovery of Deleted file(s)	Chapter-3, Chapter-10
Data Recovery of/from Disk Format	Chapter-3, Chapter-11, Chapter-14
Data Recovery of/from Crashed Operating System	Chapter-3, Chapter-11, Chapter-12, Chapter-13, Chapter-14
Data Recovery of/from Lost Partitions	Chapter-3, Chapter-12, Chapter-14
Data Recovery of/from Unreadable Floppy	Chapter-3, Chapter-10
Data Recovery from Partial zero filling or Partial use of Data Wipers	Chapter-3, Chapter-14
Data Wiping or Secure (Non-Recoverable) Data Erasure	Chapter-3, Chapter-15

Table of Contents

PREFACE

Chapter-1 An Overview of Data Recovery

Introduction to Data Recovery
Understanding Data loss
- System Crash
  - Human Error
  - Software Corruption
  - Software Malfunction
  - Hardware Error
  - Virus Crash
  - Sabotage
  - Natural Disaster
- Other types of data loss
  - Loss of one or more partitions
  - Floppy Read Error
  - Deletion of important data
  - Password loss
Types and areas of Data Recovery
- Analyzing a computer before Data Recovery
- Acceptable recovery period
- Understanding various costs
  - Downtime Costs
  - Data Recovery Costs
- User description
- Defining the requirements
- Making objectives
Some Advices before beginning the Disk troubleshooting or Data Recovery procedure
- Some tips to Protect your Data
- Make the Backups
  - Perform surface scanning monthly
  - De-fragment of data weekly
  - Use good antivirus program
  - Get into the habit of keeping your floppy write-protected
  - Do not use pirated games and software

Chapter-2 Introduction of Hard Disks

Introduction
Components of hard disk
- Disk Platters and Media
  - Read/Write Heads
    - Head Crash
    - Head Parking
  - Head Sliders, Arms and Actuator
    - Head Sliders
    - Head Arms
    - Head Actuator
  - Spindle Motor
  - Connectors and Jumpers
  - Logic Board
  - Cache and Cache Circuitry
Low-level hard disk geometry
Formatting
- Low-Level Formatting
  - Partitioning
  - High-Level Formatting
Formatted and Unformatted Storage Capacity

Chapter-3 Logical Approach to Disks and OS

BIOS
- The INT 13H Interface and INT 13H Extensions
  - Int13H Extensions
  - The 2.1 GB limit
  - The 33.8 GB limit
  - ATA Specification for IDE Disks - The 137 GB limit
- Two and Four Disk BIOS IDE Support
Limitations in File Systems
- FAT12
- FAT16
- FAT32
- NTFS
Cluster
Cluster Size
Logical Structure of a Hard Disk
Master Boot Record (MBR) or Master Partition Table (MPT)
Master Boot Record Format
- Partition Table Entry Format
  - Boot Type Indicator Byte
  - Starting Cylinder-Head-Sector Number of the Partition
  - File System Indicator Byte
  - Ending Cylinder-Head-Sector Number of the Partition
  - Relative Sector number of Beginning of the Partition
  - Number of Sectors of the Partition
- DOS Boot Record (DBR) / DOS Boot Sector
  - Number of Root Directories
  - Total number of Sectors
  - Media Descriptor
  - Number of Sectors of FAT
  - Sectors Per Track (or Sectors Per Head)
  - Hidden Sectors
- File Allocation Table (FAT)
  - How Windows detects the Improper - Shutdown
- Root Directory
- Long File Name (LFN)
- Data Area (or Files Area)
- Fragmented and Defragmented Data
- Identifying the cause of data corruption
  - Boot the system with bootable floppy
    - Verify the MBR Information
    - If MBR is okay, Verify DBR

Chapter-4 Number Systems

Introduction
Decimal Number System
Binary Number System
- Binary to Decimal number Conversion
- Decimal to Binary number Conversion
- Binary Number Formats
  - The Bit
  - The Nibble
  - The Byte
  - The Word
  - The Double Word
Octal Number System
- Binary to Octal Conversion
- Octal to Binary Conversion
- Octal to Decimal Conversion
- Decimal to Octal Conversion
Hexadecimal Number System
- Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
- Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
- Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
- Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
ASCII Code
Some important number system terms, often used for Data and Data Storage representation
- Byte
- Kilobyte
- Megabyte
- Gigabyte
- Terabyte
- Petabyte
- Exabyte
- Zettabyte
- Yottabyte
Common Data Storage Terms

Chapter-5 Introduction of C Programming

Introduction
Why use C in Data Recovery Programming
Let me assume that you know nothing in C
Let us start
Keywords
Compiling the program
Printing Numbers
Using Variables
Numeric Variable Types
- Initializing Numeric Variables
Operators
- Assignment Operator
- Mathematical Operators
- Relational Operators
- Logical Operators
- The Comma Operator
Something more about printf() and Scanf()
Control Statements
- The if else Statement
- The switch Statement
- The break Statement
- The continue Statement
Loops
- The while Loop
- The do while Loop
- The for Loop
- The goto Statement
Pointers
Array
- Character Arrays
- Accessing the Elements
- Initializing Array Elements
- Looping through an Array
- Multidimensional Arrays
Strings
- Some Common String Functions
- The strlen Function
- The strcpy Function
- The strcmp Function
- The strcat Function
- The strtok Function
Functions
- Pass By Value Functions
- Call-by-reference
- Dereferencing
Memory Allocation in C
- Reallocating Memory
- Releasing Memory
Structures
- Structures with Pointer Members in C
- Structure Initialisers in C
- Passing Structures to Functions in C
Union
- The union Keyword
- A practical use of a union in data recovery
File Handling in C
- The File Modes of fopen Function
- Closing Files
- Reading Files
- Writing to Files
Command Line Arguments with C
Bitwise Manipulators
- Bitwise AND
- Bitwise OR
- Bitwise Exclusive OR
- Bitwise Compliment
- Bitwise Shift Left
- Bitwise Shift Right
Functions to Binary–Decimal and Conversions
Function for Decimal to Binary conversion
Function for Binary to Decimal conversion
Debugging and Testing
- Syntax Errors
- Logic Errors
Testing
- Some testing principles
- White Box Testing
- Black Box Testing
- Equivalence Classes
- Boundary Value Analysis
- Devising a Test Plan

Chapter-6 Introduction to Computer Basics

Introduction
Basic concepts
- Central Processor
  - Central Memory
  - CPU Registers
  - Assembler structure
  - Advantages of the Assembler
  - Let me keep my promise
  - Storing and loading the programs
  - Segments
  - Data movement
- Interruptions
  - Internal Hardware Interruptions
  - External Hardware Interruptions
  - Software Interruptions
Int 20H, Terminate process
Int 21H, MS-DOS System functions

Chapter-7 Necessary DOS Commands

Introduction
Brief History
- Microsoft Disk Operating System
- (MS-DOS) Version 1.0
- MS-DOS Version 2.0
- MS-DOS Version 3.0 to 5.0
- MS-DOS Version 6.0
- MS-DOS Version 7.0 (Windows 95)
Necessary commands
- ATTRIB
- CD (or CHDIR)
- CHKDSK
- CLS
- COMMAND
- COPY
- DEBUG
- COM Extension
- EXE Extension
- DEL (or ERASE)
- DELTREE
- DOSKEY
- DIR
- DISKCOPY
- EDIT
- EXIT
- FC
- FDISK
- FIND
- FORMAT
- LABEL
- MD (or MKDIR)
- MORE
- MOVE
- RD (or RMDIR)
- SCANDISK
- TYPE
- XCOPY
Specification shortcuts, Wildcards and Redirection
- Shortcuts
- Wildcards
- Redirection
  - >
  - >>
  - <
  - |

Chapter-8 Disk-BIOS Functions and Interrupts Handling With C

Introduction
biosdisk and _bios_disk Functions
diskinfo_t Structure
absread and abswrite Functions
Interrupt Handling with C
- SREGS Structure
  - REGS Union
  - BYTEREGS and WORDREGS Structures
  - int86 and int86x Functions
  - segread Function
  - intdos and intdosx Functions
How to know the Physical Hard Drive Number
Interrupt 13H (INT 13H), ROM BIOS Disk Driver Functions

Chapter-9 Handling Large Hard Disks

First of all, let me tell you a Story
INT 13H Extensions
How to use INT 13H Extensions in C Programming
- Comments on Coding of the program

Chapter-10 Data Recovery From Corrupted Floppy

Why the floppy is not readable
- How to recover
- Method – 1
- Store the boot image of any fresh floppy
  - Making the image of DOS Boot Record of a good floppy
    - Comments on Program coding
  - Pasting the boot image to the first sector of Unreadable floppy
    - Comments on Program coding
  - Let us do it with single program
- Comments on Program coding
- Storing the boot Image in HEXADECIMAL Characters to use in our previous Program
- Comments on coding of the program
- Method – 2
  - What to do if Method-1 doesn't work
  - Copy all the data of media surface to a single file
    - Comments on Program coding
  - Thinking for the solution of sector(s) reading error
    - Comments on Program coding
  - Paste the Data from the file to the physical surface of fresh floppy
    - Comments on Program coding
  - Thinking for Logical Recovery for Deleted or lost Data
    - Comments on coding
    - Comments on coding
    - Comments on coding

Chapter-11 Making Backups

Why Backups
When and what to Back up
Backup of MBR (Master Boot Record) and its use
- Why Backup MBR
- What Can Be Recovered with the Backup of MBR
- Writing the Program to make Backup of MBR
  - Comments on Program coding
- Program to Restore the MBR from Backup
  - Comments on Program coding
Backup of DBR (DOS Boot Record) and its use
- Why Backup DBR
- What can be recovered with the Backup of DBR?
- Programs for Making and Restoring Backups of DBR
Complete Disk Imaging
- Writing the program for complete disk imaging
  - Comments on Coding
  - Comments on Coding

Chapter-12 Reading and Modifying MBR with Programming

Master Boot Record (MBR) or Master Partition Table (MPT)
Master boot record format
Partition Table Entry Format
Writing program to read the partition table of MBR
- Comments on coding
Program to find all logical partitions and their information
- Comments on coding
- Comments on coding
Modify MBR by Programming
- Comments on coding

Chapter-13 Reading and Modifying DBR with Programming

DOS Boot Record (DBR) / DOS Boot Sector
Reading DBR of Floppy and Small Volumes
Reading the DBR of Large Volumes
How to Recover DBR with Programming
- Comments on coding

Chapter-14 Programming for "Raw File" Recovery

Raw File Recovery
Headers and footers of some important file types
Writing a program for Raw File Recovery
- Comments on coding
INT 10H, function 01H - Set Cursor Type

Chapter-15 Programming for Data Wipers

Introduction
When the data becomes completely unrecoverable
Why data wiping is so important
Writing program for Non - Destructive data wiper
- Comments on logic and the coding of the program
Writing program for Destructive Data Wiper
- Comments on coding
Wiping Data Area of specific file
- Comments on logic and coding of program

Chapter-16 Developing more Utilities for Disks

Introduction
Hiding Partitions
How the partition becomes hidden
- Writing program to hide partition
- Comments on coding
- Writing program to Unhide the Partition
- Comments on Program
- Writing program to delete Partition
- Comments on program
Formatting "Track 0 Bad" floppy
- Writing the Disk Editing Tool

APPENDIX